Noble Desk

Etiology
This disease is caused by Pasteurella multocida type 1. It causes a form of acute pasteurellosis in bufallos and cattle.
Occurrence
Classical haemorrhagic septicaemia has been reported from all continents except Australia. The first regular occurrence is in the south east Asia where it appears every year with the monsoon rams and it is considered to be the most important infectious disease of cattle and domestic animals which are affected. Of the domestic animals, buffalos are the most susceptible followed by cattle.
Transmission
There is no satisfactory evidence that insect vectors are implicated or that infection persists in the soil. Healthy carriers of pasteurella organism have long been known in most susceptible species. About 5% of healthy cattle and buffalos are said to harbor the organism in the nasopharynx. Carriers or animals infected from them may under stress, breakdown into clear clinical cases. In the early clinical stage, there is salivation and nasal discharge containing numerous pasteurella organisms. The surrounding including drinking water becomes contaminated as bacteria can survive for some hours and the opportunity is there for other animals to become infected.
Clinical signs
Most cases in cattle and domestic buffalos are acute and sometimes peracute with death occurring 6-24 hours after the appearance of clinical signs. The first signs are dullness, reluctance to move about and fever. Salivation and nasal discharge appear. Commonly, swelling becomes visible around the laryngeal region and spreads around the head. The swelling is hot and doughy. The tongue may swell and protrude and mucous membranes are congested and breathing difficulty/respiratory distress appears. The animal usually goes down and dies within a few hours or lingers for 3-4 days. Recovery from the disease is rare.
Diagnosis
An outbreak of haemorrhagic septicaemia is readily identified but individual cases may be more difficult. The rapid cause of disease and higher occurrence of throat inflammation indicate haemorrhagic septicaemia. The lesions eliminate rinderpest, anthrax and black quarter. A snake bite near the head will simulate  haemorrhagic septicaemia but such cases are rare. Confirmations of diagnosis can be made by examining blood films from muribond or recently dead animals and by sending materials to the laboratory for culture. Films are stained by Leishmann or Giemsa stain.
Treatment
To be effective, treatment must start before bacteraemia becomes well established. In later stages, although the organism can be killed by chemotherapy, the animal will nevertheless die. The organism is sensitive to sulfonamide and broad spectrum antibiotic but when clinical signs are obvious, the prognosis is usually grave.
Control
In endemic areas, vaccination is indicated and should be carried out yearly with vaccine known to confer long immunity like the oil adjuvant vaccine which can produce solid immunity lasting for about at least one year. Prior to the establishment of protective immunity, healthy animals should be segregated from the sick and in contact animals.

As the first country in Africa to gain insignificant bovine spongiform encephalopathy status recognition about its mad cow disease risk management, Namibia has been selected to stage the prestigious 22nd International Organisation for Animal Health conference of the OIE Regional Commission for Africa from 21-24 February 2017 in Swakopmund.
The conference, noted as the holy chalice of animal health matters, will confirm and acknowledge Namibia’s animal health condition after the country also lately came to be the first African country whose beef qualified for exports to America and China. At least 700 delegates are expected to attend the event.
The remarkable achievement of Namibia’s meat industry being mad cow disease free was made widely known at the 84th OIE conference held from May 22 to 27 in Paris, France this year. Anna Sheweeda, the deputy minister of agriculture attended the event on behalf of Namibia.

Gas gangrene is due to infection by Clostridium septicum although other clostridia may be involved which includes Clostridium novyi and Clostridium sordelli. The organism is a common habitat of the intestinal tract of herbivores and occurs widely in faeces and soil. In most cases, it enters the body through contaminated wound and consequently produces a severe local reaction resulting in necrosis, edema and gangrene and profound systemic effects due to toxaemia with rapid deterioration and death.
Clinical signs
Incubation period is short. It is just within 1-2 days. There is depression, anorexia, high fever within a short time. Affected animals are completely recumbent. The infection site is swollen, hot and painful in the earlier stages. This rapidly progresses to a stage where swelling persist sometimes with a foul smelling sanguinous or bloody discharge but pain is no longer evident. The swollen area eventually becomes cold, discolored and sometimes emphysematous. Occasionally, a syndrome is encountered where the condition is initially limited to the head especially the intermandibular space. Death occurs within a few days. Commonly, animals are presented at sudden death.
Immunity
It is believed that infected animals are suddenly immuned to infection.
Diagnosis
Swabs may be taken from infected sites immediately after death to establish the identity of the causal organism. As with blackleg, examination of animal which has been dead for more than few hours especially in warm climates is likely to afford little or no information due to invasion of the tissue by clostridia organism.
Prevention and control
Proper management of surgical and accidental wound including administration of antibiotics is often adequate enough to prevent malignant edema. Where the disease is considered to be serious, vaccination is very important. In view of the possibility of mixed infection, it is wise to use polyvalent clostridia vaccine. When faced with outbreak for example after castration of a large number of animals, it is probably wise to carry out a herd vaccination and to administer large doses of long acting penicillin to each animal. Again, animals at risk must be moved to another grazing areas free of the disease.
Treatment
Treatment of individual cases is usually unsuccessful. Wounds should be carefully cleaned and drained adequately. This should be followed by massive doses of procain penicillin both intramuscularly and around infection site together with large frequently repeated doses of soluble penicillin given intravenously.

This is a chronic exudative dermatitis characterized by scab formation. The disease is caused by Dermatophylus congolensis. Horses, cattle, sheep and goats are commonly affected. It has been reported in pig, donkey, cat and dog. Bovine streptotricosis is of great economic importance in Nigeria because it destroys hide and skin. West African muturu and Ndama cattle are resistant to the disease.
Transmission
The organism is found on skin epidermis. It appears to be necessary for the skin to be broken before infection can occur. The skin may be damaged by ticks, biting flies or mechanically by barb wires.
Clinical features
In some animals, the lesions are found on the back, extremities like necks and face and others generalized all over the body. The commonest site of infection in goat seems to be the face, ears and inguinal region. In affected site, exudation and scab formation caused the hair to stand erect and become matted together to form paint brush lesions. These are so called because they resemble the hairs of the wet paint brush. The lesions increased in size and thick variable scabs are formed. Affected animals are emaciated and limp if the feet are affected. Death may occur eventually.
Diagnosis
This is based on the appearance of cutaneous scabs on endemic areas. Confirmation of diagnosis is by making a smear from scab which has been emulsified in water for some hours. The smear is stained by Gram’s procedure, Leishmann or Giemsa and examined for the presence of branching filaments and coccoid cells.
Fluorescent antibody technique is the most effective diagnostic method.
Establishment of experimental lesions in rabbits by skin scarification in the presence of suspension of lesion or culture the organism and rub it on scarified area.
Treatment
It is treated by removal of scabs and application of antibacterial substances like antibiotic cream/powder.
Give high doses of penicillin and streptomycin parenterally. This treatment is repeated after 2 weeks. This treatment is effective if it is given early in the disease.
Give long acting antibiotics.
Immunization
There is no available effective vaccine at the moment.
Control
It is necessary to eliminate those factors that predispose to the diseases like ticks (spray the animal), biting insects (insecticide).
Animals should be dipped regularly to rid them of ticks.
Sheep should not be sheared in wet hot weather.
All affected animals should be culled for meat or isolated and treated.
Increased herd resistance by selective breeding from resistant animals.

As a small investor, you can take advantage of the growing population in cities across Nigeria and earn an income for yourself by meeting certain needs of the residents around you. Some of the businesses you can start are as follows:
Making of fruit juice
Nigerians drink fruit juice more than any other people. That is why companies like La casera and chivita who came into the country as nobody are today making billions of naira annually. The business can be started in a small way and grow gradually.
Sales of used cloth
Tokunbo market in Nigeria is big and some people choose to buy used articles that are of high quality than buy fakes. The cost of buying and bringing from abroad fairly-used cloths is low when compared with the prices in the market here in Nigeria, guaranteeing good return on investment.
Dry cleaning
Competent dry cleaners at cheap prices are scarce in Nigeria. What is present are professional dry cleaners whose service charges are very high or amateur dry cleaners who can never keep up with time. This business yields a lot of income if you can balance it up.
Professional car wash
This business is good if you can establish it in a cardinal location around you or in a place like Lagos, Nigeria where there are good numbers of cars. The business is also a money spinner.
Sales of building materials
The rate at which new houses are springing up in Nigeria, you get to wonder why some people up to the present time complain of housing problem. Putting money into building materials is a good business and a lot of individuals are making millions out of it.
Investing in internet business
This is a new batch of solid investment opportunity which is creating billionaires in all parts of the world including Nigeria. It is simple. You don’t have to be a tech person, all you require is to look for creative online startups with good concepts and invest in it. Within 1-2 years, you will be counting your profits in dollars.
Become a real estate agent
Real estate agents are is one group of professionals and non-professionals which hold the ace. Accommodation is a problem as in the case with most overpopulated cities and estate agents are relying on this course to rip off serious home seekers. You can become a real estate agent and make big commission from sincerely assisting people get their dream homes.
Start an employment agency
This is a business opportunity which does not require much emphasis as you already know the unemployment challenges in Nigeria; with Lagos having the highest number of jobless people (non-graduates and graduates). With your Lagos-based employment agency, you will make money from connecting job seekers with firms which are looking for competent employees to fill vacant positions.
Photography/videography
You can begin a digital photography business or video recording business. You can visit event centers to take snapshots of visitors who would desire to seize the moment. You can take it to a higher level and open a photography/ visual arts studio if you have enough money to invest.
Website designing
Due to technological advancement and the fact that many businesses and enterprises are making effort to stay ahead of competitors, website designers have become so much needed by organizations. Organizations are constantly looking for website designers who can continually keep their websites updated and functional. With at least N10000 (29 dollars), you can obtain a one or two weeks training then continue your training online by verifying free software, downloading videos on youtube and watching them. You can earn an upward of N10000 (29 dollars) for developing a website, depending on the kind of site and who your client is.
Recharge card vouchers printing and selling
In a country like Nigeria with a population of over 170000000 (one hundred and seventy million) people and mobile cell phone charge of over 120000000 (one hundred and twenty million) active lines, recharge cards have turn out to be one of the quickest selling products. The business is fast growing. The good news is that you can start your recharge card printing business and with little capital. The printer cost about N38000 (112 dollars) and you can start printing with PINS from N20000 (58 dollars) and sell for all networks. Etisalat Nigeria has a package where you can be a sub-dealer of e-top with at least N50000 (147 dollars).
Computer class instructors
It is no longer news that computers and computer-based systems have come to be part of everybody’s life, not only at the workplace, but at home as well. Everybody now requires some kind of computer training. A business can be built around that. Computer classes can be started which can be offered at home to those who are in need of the services, whether they are old or young. You could start with two relatively-used computers which are in good conditions. Setting up all these should not cost you more than N50000 (147 dollars), and you can start without having a computer system, just do a good marketing of your service and you have people inviting you to their home or office to train them.
Event and party planning
If you have been complimented several times on your parties, you may be good enough to be a party planner. This is a business which cannot fail if you are competent at it because it is a well known fact that Nigerians love to party. All you need do is get some training and acquire some party equipment, depending on how large you want the venture to be. Once you start, you can charge from N15000-N20000 (44-58 dollars), depending on the size of the party. If you do at least two parties in a month, you will be making a comfortable living.
Wireworks and bead making
Wireworks and beads are jewels which are trending now, as so many women including socialites now tend to prefer them to other types of jewels. As a result, many discerning ladies are venturing into the business, making adorable designs and getting good returns from the business. A two-month training for this craft costs about N20000. After the training, you can start raking in money, depending on the kind of beads you do. For example, there are beads of N1000 while there are those of even N80000 and above. The amount you make depends on your expertise, artistry, ingenuity, the kinds of beads you use and your customers.
Office supply
There are many people who work in offices and find it hard to go to market to purchase things like wrist watches, shirts, ties and perfumes. You can assist them do the shopping and deliver it to them. If you are honest with your business and charge reasonably, much bigger contracts can be gotten from there. About N50000 will do to kick start this type of small business in Nigeria and you will be happy at the quick money you will be making.
Plantain chips making
Take a look around the streets, mainly in hold-ups, and you would see various brands of plantain chips. The fact is that they sell quickly because people like to chew stuff, particularly while they are in transit. So, if you start the business of producing and supplying chips to shops and hawkers, you would make good money. The major things needed are a big frying pan which goes for about N3000, a sealing machine which goes for N15000, nylons and labels which cost about N2000. With these, you are good to go.
Hair making/barbing salon
Salon business is one of the best and lucrative businesses in Nigeria because it requires little capital to start and does not cost much. Fitting barbing salon or beauty salon, both pays a lot because it requires no university degree to start one. Some youths are engaged in salon business and they are earning money doing the business. In establishing one, all you need is a bit of training, capital- which depends on how large or small you want the salon to be, location- this will go a long way to determine how successful your business will be.
Shoe making
Shoe making is a unique business with great prospect due to the high demand for shoes and other leather appurtenances. The business is pertinent because it provides for a wide spectrum of people in society, particularly those that are fashion conscious. Some ladies would like shoes that go with their bags, head-tie and other clothing for occasions. The capital required to begin a shoe making business ranges from N40000 (117 dollars) for training and N20000 (58 dollars) for tools and equipment.
Social media managers
A lot of organizations want to pitch their businesses on social media, although, do not know how to go about it. Hiring a freelance social media manager is one of the ways organizations can go about this. To become a social media manager, one of the questions you should ask yourself is, do you naturally have social media strengths and aptitude? A good marketing skill is very important as well. Organizations are ready to pay good money to anybody who has the skills/aptitude to create a good presence for their organization online.
Food delivery services
At least half of the population of people in the nation is made up of working class people. Also, with the heavy traffic situation, residents barely have time for themselves. Most working class women cannot afford to take out time to cook during the week and so this makes food delivery service a good business. Averagely, you can make up to N200000 (588 dollars) profit monthly. With about N50000 (147 dollars) as start-up capital to prepare your meals, a good location, a creative business name and a few staff, you are ready to start making money.

You did not eat a delicious meal but you had a meal anyway
You do not have a car but you have legs anyway
The doctor may say that you are sick but you have life anyway
You have no money to buy what you need but somehow, ends are still met anyway
You have eye defect but you can still see anyway
You did not study abroad but you attended school anyway
Your cloth may not be nice but you are not naked anyway
Your shoes may have worn out but you are not bare-footed anyway
You have a deformity but you are still living anyway
You don’t have a mansion but you have a home anyway
Your salary may be meager but you don’t beg to eat anyway
You don’t have an i-phone or smartphone but you make calls anyway
You don’t have a hummer jeep but you drive a car anyway
Though people may reject you like the woman with the issue of blood, there’s hope for the living anyway
Though you soak your pillows with tears every night because of family struggles, know that you can make it anyway
Though you have struggled to survive today because of lack and the fear of tomorrow has filled your thought this night, don’t give up your dreams anyway
No matter what you are facing, life is too short to commit suicide anyway

It all happened so sudden and so perfect
Just like a script, no single line was missed
Just like a stage, everybody played their role
It was a free role; everybody was free to play their best role
To the best of carrier, the drama played properly
In this stage, the protagonist made the decision of his worst fears
He selected the part of slaying every single dragon that is disturbing him
He kicked off with the little dragon that breathe no fire but disturbs him
It didn’t kick off well and it eventually become so awfully a movie
In the very end, foes got separated from friends

Numerous antagonists, one protagonist
Several things to cope with, one heart
Perseverance became too much a burden
In a wink of an eye, it all goes off
Daunting got in line, no more tenacity
It is a war, a fight for dignity and self-recovery
Friendship broke out, there is no release
Everybody was right but somebody was wrong
To every right thing, the wrong tongue made an utterance
At end, foes separated from friends

Fate does not disappear; it is a final port of call
Fate plays its part to the end; it is a ghost deal mission
Occasionally it is good the bad things occur and something new learnt
To every bad condition, there is a good lesson; that is what I meant
Friendship is more costly to money, thought the wise said so
In trouble, money the matter, friends run away; the fool determined so
There will always be discords; cases will always be resolved
To some misunderstandings, no comprehension; some cases can’t be resolved
Everything will not be the same as before despite the friendship continues
Foes and friends, the script however continues.

He is at the back of the row
His mind at the front row
It is his choice and decision to give
Yet, he made it his choice to leave
He got it all wealth
He said it is his sweat
With his wallet tied to his belt
Won’t give, that’s what he meant
The indecisive millionaire

She said she is beautiful
Don’t in anyway mind flaunting it sinful
Hers is a body for a feast
But she gave it all to a beast
Not Cinderella but she got many glass shoes
A prince charming is hers to choose
She got it intact so placed
Am I or am I not to give in
The indecisive damsel

This is knowledge at its peak
It is in his blood from back ages
This is his destiny to squarely face
To pass the knowledge he got round
As it was prophetically so bound
It is in my head he rudely said
Not a blessing, as all think to vain
I will teach my descendants he thought
No, it is for me alone he so hard fought
The indecisive genius
DEDICATED TO THOSE WHO LACK SENSE OF CHARITY